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Almost everyone agrees that America's urban schools are a mess. But while this agreement has fostered widespread support for aggressive reform, Frederick Hess argues that much of what ails urban education is actually the result of continuous or fragmentary reform. Hess explains that political incentives drive school superintendents to promote reforms--to demonstrate that they are "making a difference." Superintendents have to do this quickly, both because their tenure is usually three years or less and because urban communities are anxious to see educational improvement. However, the nature of urban school districts makes it very difficult to demonstrate concrete short-term improvement. The result is what he terms "policy churn," which distracts teachers and principals from efforts to refine classroom teaching while seldom resulting in successful long-term changes. Hess argues that policymakers have misallocated resources by pursuing the "right" structure or the "best" pedagogy while paying insufficient attention to the more mundane--and more important--questions of how to implement, refine, and sustain a particular approach in their particular district. Hess explains that previous research on high-performing schools suggests that the best schools are characterized by focus and by an ability to develop expertise in specific approaches to teaching and learning. To help educators and policymakers adopt and nurture a focused agenda, he recommends institutional changes that increase the effectiveness of performance outcomes and reduce the incentives to emphasize symbolic reform.

After forty years in the Hells Angels, George Christie was ready to retire. As the president of the notorious Ventura chapter for the club, he had been the yin to Sonny Barger's yang. Barger was the reckless figurehead and de facto world leader of the Angels. Christie was the negotiator, the spokesman, the thinker, the guy who smoothed things out. He was the one who carried the Olympic torch and counted movie stars, artists, the Grateful Dead and the police chief captains among his friends. But leaving isn't easy, and within two weeks of retirement he was told he was 'out bad', blackballed by his fellow Angels, prohibited from wearing the club patch, even told he should remove his Death Head tattoo. Now, Christie's set out to tell his story. Exile on Front Street is the tale of how a midde-class electrician gave up a comfortable job with the Department of Defense and swore allegiance to the Hells Angels. In this action-packed, hard-hitting memoir, he recounts Spinning Wheels : The Politics of Urban School Reform download ebook pdf his life as an outlaw biker with the world's most infamous motorcycle club.

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Author: Frederick Hess
Number of Pages: 210 pages
Published Date: 01 Nov 1998
Publisher: BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
Publication Country: Washington DC, United States
Language: English
ISBN: 9780815736356
Download Link: Click Here
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